The microstructure and texture variation rule and mechanism of 6016 aluminum alloy during cold rolling was studied in depth in this article, using the Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction technology (EBSD) combined with SEM and XRD. The results show that: with the increase of cold rolling passes, grains constantly elongate along the rolling direction, and inhomogeneous deformation phenomenon between different grains come first but gradually disappear later, also catenation of second phase particles are crushed by metal plastic flow; with the deformation increases, small angle dislocation interfaces increase, and they have an angle about 40°to the rolling direction from low to medium strains, but some of them are induced to large angle interfaces by large strains, which make the deformation grains occurred fragmentation; in the initial rolling stage, overall coordinate deformation and rotation of grains form some deformation texture, and in further deformation, areas near the grain boundary and interior of grains is easy to rotate from grain’s initial orientation to the β orientation line. It is the two mechanism lead the deformation textures, led by S texture, constantly increase, and the Cube texture constantly decrease.