Shot peening treatment was adopted to strengthen the steel surface, and the influence of the temperature field on the residual stress and fatigue resistance of the 17-4PH stainless steel was investigated. Firstly, the microstructure analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the nondestructive testing by X-ray technology were carried out to evaluate the residual stress of 17-4PH steel after shot peening treatments at room temperature. Fatigue property tests were conducted on the rotary bending fatigue tester and the related properties were presented through S-N curve. Then, by adopting the optimum shot peening treatment, the fatigue resistance and residual stress relaxation on the shot-peened surface were studied at 150, 300 and 450 °C. The results demonstrate that the low intensity shot peening parameters are the optimized ones for 17-4PH stainless steel at room temperature. Meanwhile, the shot peening treatment can significantly improve the fatigue life of 17-4PH steel at the environment temperature T<300 °C. However, the fatigue properties of 17-4PH steel decrease significantly at T>450 °C. When the shot-peened 17-4PH steel is applied at high temperature, the serious residual stress relaxation and the reduced surface integrity become the predominant effects for the reduced fatigue resistance. The results provide experimental basis for the application of shot peening treatment in special industrial fields, such as steam turbine industry.