Low-density niobium alloys have characteristics such as low density, high melting point, and good corrosion resistance, and are widely used in aerospace, nuclear engineering, high-temperature structures, and other fields. To study the effect of different deformation processes on the microstructure and properties of low-density niobium alloys, rolling and extrusion deformations were carried out on the low-density niobium alloys in this study, and the effects were investigated through OM, SEM observation, mechanical property testing, and other methods. The results indicate that when rolling deformation is used, the deformation is large, the microstructure is uniform, the second phase is dispersed, the strength is high, and the plasticity is good, with an elongation after fracture of up to 37 %. When extrusion deformation is used, stress concentration can easily lead to cracking, and deformation is not easy to penetrate. The microstructure is not uniform, and the strength is high, but the plasticity is only 15 %, the impact of deformed microstructure on mechanical properties has been analyzed, which can guide the processing of niobium alloys.