In order to investigate the feasibility of laser shock peening (LSP) on the components suffering high temperature in work, the thermal stability of LSP effects on GH4133 nickel-based superalloy were studied. GH4133 nickel-based superalloy samples were treated by laser shock peening and laser shock peening+annealing separately. The thermal stability was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), microhardness and residual stress tests. High-temperature fatigue of turbine blades was tested and the mechanism of fatigue life improvement was also discussed. Results show that high-amplitude residual compressive stress and grain refinement are generated, and precipitated phase of GH4133 alloy treated by LSP has a great impact on thermal stability for the refined grains. On the other hand, stress concentration slows up and distributes uniformly. Both of microstructure and residual compressive stress are propitious to fatigue life