The Pd-Ag alloy membrane has been commercially used as a metal membrane for separating high-purity H2, but the material cost of the Pd-Ag alloy membrane is high, and its large-scale application is limited. The single-phase V-based alloy membranes have higher hydrogen permeability and mechanical strength and lower cost than the Pd-Ag alloy membrane, and the hydrogen embrittlement resistance is greatly improved compared with the pure V, and the plasticity and hydrogen permeability are also higher than that of multi-phase V-based alloy membranes, thus become one of the potential materials to replace the Pd-Ag alloy membrane. In this paper, the research progress of single-phase V-based alloy membranes for hydrogen separation is reviewed, including the types of single-phase V-based alloy membranes and hydrogen permeability, the influence of microstructure on hydrogen permeability, and the failure mechanism of alloy membranes, etc.. The future development trend of single-phase V-based alloy membranes for hydrogen separation is also prospected.