The aqueous rechargeable lithium ion battery hopefully becomes a new-type green power system because of its obvious advantages compared to the non-aqueous lithium ion cells, such as inherent safety, low cost, no environmental pollution, excellent production environment, promising high rate capability, relatively high energy and power densities. This paper summarizes several electrode systems of aqueous rechargeable lithium ion battery which are studied most recently at home and abroad. The current research situation of the relevant electrode materials and the fading mechanism of their performances have been reviewed. The trend of future research and the existing problems in the field of aqueous rechargeable lithium ion battery are also prospected.