Carbides transformation during heat-treatment process has a significant effect on the mechanical properties of superalloys. XRD, SEM, EPMA, and TEM were used to investigate the distribution and evolution mechanism of carbides and their effects on high-temperature tensile properties of Co-Cr-Nb-W wear-resistant alloy during heat-treatment process. There are two carbides transformation processes in the Co-Cr-Nb-W alloy during brazing simulation and aging: MC+matrix=M₆C and M₂₃C₆+matrix=M₆C. The fracture mechanism of the Co-Cr-Nb-W alloy under high temperature tensile stress is a hybrid mechanism of ductile fracture and brittle fracture, and the interface between the bulk primary carbide and the matrix is easy to become the source of crack source. The heat treatment process eliminates the lamellar M₂₃C₆ which is easy to cause grain boundary migration, induces the precipitation of fine M₆C particles around the skeleton MC, improves the interdendritic element segregation, promotes the formation of high-density overlapping stacking fault (SF) bands in the matrix, and increases the tensile strength of the alloy at 1000℃ by about 20 MPa.